Category: Health

As the fall season approaches, updated immunization schedules aim to streamline access to COVID-19, flu, and RSV vaccines for individuals seeking protection against respiratory illnesses.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently announced updated fall immunization schedules, which are largely consistent with last year’s guidelines. This announcement comes after a summer filled with confusion regarding changes to COVID-19 vaccine recommendations. Public health experts believe that these updates will facilitate access to vaccines for those who wish to receive them this fall.

“From a patient’s experience, there shouldn’t be anything different from what they’ve experienced in the past, except maybe they’ll get a little more information from the pharmacist,” said Hannah Fish, senior director of strategic initiatives at the National Community Pharmacists Association.

This fall, the COVID-19 vaccine is recommended for everyone aged six months and older. However, individuals are encouraged to engage in “shared clinical decision-making” with their healthcare providers before receiving the vaccine. This model allows for discussions between patients and providers, which can include doctors, pharmacists, or other health professionals administering the shots. The CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has emphasized that vaccination is particularly beneficial for those under 65 who are at higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes.

While the CDC’s recommendations cover a broad age range, there may be some complications in practice. Although health plans are required to cover the vaccine without charging consumers, some providers may hesitate to administer the shot to individuals under 65 unless they have underlying health conditions that increase their risk of severe COVID-19. This aligns with the Food and Drug Administration’s labeling for the COVID-19 vaccine.

“It’s a nuance that could occur in an interaction between a provider and a patient,” said Jen Kates, a senior vice president and director of global and public health policy at KFF, a health information nonprofit.

If a provider refuses to administer the vaccine to a healthy individual due to concerns about off-label use, experts suggest that patients can seek the vaccine from another provider. “They could go to a different pharmacy,” Kates noted.

In response to the declining uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine—only 23% of adults reported receiving the current vaccine as of late April—many states have stepped in to ensure access. According to Kates, 21 states and the District of Columbia have adopted broader recommendations than those set by the federal government.

Despite the availability of the vaccine, fewer pharmacies and healthcare providers may choose to stock it due to low demand. Jeff Levin-Scherz, a primary care doctor and population health leader at WTW, noted that large chains like CVS and Walgreens have sufficient supply to meet demand, but the additional barriers some individuals might face could hinder vaccination rates.

“To get more people to get vaccines, the key is making vaccination really easy and to take steps out,” Levin-Scherz emphasized.

In contrast, the flu vaccine tends to attract more interest than the COVID-19 vaccine, although only 47% of adults received a flu shot during the last flu season. The CDC recommends that nearly everyone aged six months and older receive an annual flu shot, and these vaccines should be widely available at pharmacies and physician offices. Health plans will also cover the flu shots without charging individuals.

In July, the federal Department of Health and Human Services mandated that flu vaccines must not contain thimerosal, a preservative used to prevent bacterial growth. Vaccine researchers have found no evidence that this mercury-based additive is harmful. Last year, the CDC estimated that only 6% of flu vaccines contained thimerosal as a preservative.

Additionally, a new vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was approved in 2023. The CDC recommends this vaccine for individuals aged 75 and older, as well as for those aged 50 to 74 who have medical conditions that put them at risk for severe disease. Those who meet the criteria should be able to receive the RSV vaccine at their local pharmacy. It is important to note that the RSV vaccine is not an annual requirement; individuals who have already received it do not need to get it again according to current guidelines.

As the cough and cold season approaches, the updated immunization schedules aim to ensure that vaccines remain accessible to those who need them. Public health experts continue to advocate for easy access to vaccinations as a means to protect public health during this critical time.

Source: Original article

New research indicates that while men’s brains shrink faster than women’s with age, women are still diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease at nearly double the rate of men.

A recent study has brought new insights into the aging of the brain, revealing that men’s brains shrink at a faster rate than those of women. Despite this, women are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease twice as often as men. This research challenges existing assumptions about gender differences in brain aging and Alzheimer’s risk.

Published in the *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, the study analyzed over 12,000 brain scans from nearly 5,000 healthy individuals aged between 17 and 95. Each participant underwent at least two MRI scans over time, allowing researchers to track changes in brain structure as they aged.

Anne Ravndal, a researcher at the University of Oslo in Norway, led the study and aimed to investigate whether the higher incidence of Alzheimer’s in women could be linked to differences in brain aging between genders. “Women are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease more often than men, and since aging is the main risk factor, we wanted to test whether men’s and women’s brains change differently with age,” she explained to Fox News Digital.

The findings indicated that men exhibited a faster rate of brain shrinkage across various regions compared to women. Areas particularly affected included those associated with memory, emotion, and sensory processing, such as the hippocampus and parahippocampal regions.

In contrast, women’s brains maintained their size in more areas, although they did show a slight increase in the size of the brain’s fluid-filled spaces, known as ventricles. “Our findings show that men experience greater structural brain decline across more regions, meaning that normal brain aging doesn’t explain the sex difference in Alzheimer’s rates,” Ravndal stated.

Despite the observed differences in brain shrinkage, researchers concluded that changes in brain size alone cannot account for the disparity in Alzheimer’s diagnoses between men and women. “The results instead point toward other possible explanations, such as differences in longevity, diagnostic patterns, or biological factors,” Ravndal noted.

For instance, women generally have a longer lifespan, which extends the period during which Alzheimer’s can develop. Additionally, hormonal changes during menopause may influence how brain cells age, according to experts. Some researchers also suggest that women may be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s more frequently because they are more likely to seek medical help when experiencing memory issues.

However, Ravndal acknowledged a limitation of the study: it focused solely on healthy individuals, excluding those already exhibiting signs of dementia. The participants were also predominantly well-educated and drawn from multiple study sites, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.

Ravndal emphasized that the study is not intended to provide direct health recommendations for individuals. “Rather, it helps refine scientific understanding by showing that normal brain aging does not account for women’s higher prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease,” she said. She added that future research should aim to identify the underlying mechanisms contributing to these observed differences.

Source: Original article

A new study indicates that low-dose radiation therapy may serve as an effective treatment alternative for knee osteoarthritis, bridging the gap between pain medications and joint replacement surgery.

A recent study suggests that low-dose radiation therapy could provide a new treatment option for patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis, potentially filling a critical gap between pain medications and joint replacement surgery. This research, conducted by a team in Korea, was presented at the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) annual meeting in September.

Knee osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by pain, swelling, and stiffness in the knees, which tends to worsen over time. The study indicates that a single course of low-dose radiation could be a “safe and effective” treatment for alleviating the painful symptoms associated with this condition.

The randomized clinical trial involved 114 patients diagnosed with moderate-to-mild knee osteoarthritis. Participants were assigned to receive either a very low dose of radiation, a low dose, or a placebo. Throughout the study, the only additional pain relief allowed was acetaminophen.

Participants underwent six treatment sessions, during which researchers evaluated “meaningful improvement” based on at least two of the following criteria: pain levels, physical function, and overall assessment of their condition. Additionally, patients completed questionnaires to report their pain, stiffness, and functional abilities. Notably, none of the participants reported any treatment-related side effects.

After four months of treatment, 70% of those in the low-dose radiation group met the criteria for meaningful improvement, compared to just 42% in the placebo group. Participants receiving the very low dose of radiation experienced a 58.3% improvement in their symptoms.

Experts noted that these findings suggest the low-dose radiation regimen “drove relief beyond placebo effects.” In the low-dose group, 56.8% of participants reported significant improvements in pain, stiffness, and physical function scores, while only 30.6% of those in the placebo group experienced similar benefits.

The study concluded that low-dose radiation led to significant reductions in pain and improvements in function after four months, utilizing a “small fraction” of the radiation typically used in cancer treatments.

Dr. Byoung Hyuck Kim, the principal investigator of the trial and an assistant professor of radiation oncology at Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Medical Center, emphasized the challenging decisions faced by individuals with painful knee osteoarthritis. They often must weigh the risks of side effects from pain medications against the potential complications of joint replacement surgery.

“There’s a clinical need for moderate interventions between weak pain medications and aggressive surgery,” Dr. Kim stated. “We believe radiation may be a suitable option for these patients, particularly when drugs and injections are poorly tolerated.”

He further explained that radiation therapy might be particularly beneficial for patients who have underlying inflammation and preserved joint structure. However, he cautioned that for those with severe osteoarthritis, where the joint is significantly damaged and cartilage is absent, radiation would not regenerate tissue. “For individuals with mild to moderate disease, this approach could delay the need for joint replacement,” he added.

Dr. Kim also suggested that this treatment should be considered in conjunction with other lifestyle factors, such as weight loss, physiotherapy, and medications, as the effects could be “even stronger when radiation is properly combined with other treatments.” He noted that patient satisfaction may also be higher compared to current treatment options alone.

While the study presents promising results, the researchers acknowledged some limitations, including a relatively short follow-up period. Plans for larger trials are underway to further evaluate outcomes in specific patient populations, comparing low-dose radiation with various medication regimens.

Source: Original article

Experts warn that the rise of antibiotic-resistant superbugs poses a significant global health threat, with the World Health Organization reporting that antimicrobial resistance is outpacing advancements in modern medicine.

Antibiotic-resistant superbugs are becoming an increasingly alarming global health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that one in every six bacterial infections is now resistant to antibiotics. This warning comes as part of a press release issued by the agency on Monday, highlighting the urgent need for more responsible use of antibiotic medications.

Based on data collected from over 100 countries between 2016 and 2023, the WHO found that resistance to antibiotics has risen in approximately 40% of infection samples. This troubling trend underscores the growing threat posed by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

The report identifies eight common bacterial pathogens that are of particular concern: Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, non-typhoidal Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Among these, the most dangerous infections are caused by drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, especially E. coli and K. pneumoniae, which can lead to severe health complications such as sepsis, organ failure, and death.

Antibiotics are part of a broader category of medications known as antimicrobials, which also includes antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. When bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites become resistant to these medicines, it results in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), significantly increasing the risk of severe illness, disability, or death, according to WHO.

“Antimicrobial resistance is outpacing advances in modern medicine, threatening the health of families worldwide,” stated WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus in a statement accompanying the report. “We must use antibiotics responsibly and ensure everyone has access to the right medicines, quality-assured diagnostics, and vaccines.”

According to a study by the Global Research on Antimicrobial Resistance (GRAM) Project, more than one million deaths each year are directly linked to antibiotic resistance. While some instances of AMR can occur naturally as germs mutate over time, the WHO cautions that misuse and overuse of antibiotics and other antimicrobials are significant contributing factors.

Dr. Marc Siegel, a senior medical analyst for Fox News, expressed concern over the findings in WHO’s latest report. “These are aggressive bacteria that are more and more difficult to treat,” he said. “Carbapenem resistance, in particular, is very tough to treat, as is multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis.” Carbapenems are classified as “last-line antibiotics” used to manage serious multidrug-resistant infections, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Siegel pointed out that the overuse of antibiotics, particularly for common upper respiratory infections and serious hospital-acquired infections, is a primary contributor to the rise of AMR. He noted that antibiotics are not very profitable for pharmaceutical companies to develop, as they are typically used only during infections, rather than on a daily basis. Consequently, the medical community often relies on antibiotics that have been in use for decades.

Artificial intelligence (AI) may offer a potential solution to this growing crisis. Siegel suggested that AI could expedite the development of new antibiotics at a lower cost through machine learning, as well as improve sanitation and promote more judicious use of antibiotics in fighting infections.

To address the issue of antimicrobial resistance, the WHO is calling for enhanced surveillance of AMR and antimicrobial usage through its Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS). The organization emphasizes the need for countries to strengthen laboratory systems and generate reliable surveillance data, particularly from underserved areas, to inform treatment strategies and health policies.

“Countries must commit to strengthening laboratory systems and generating reliable surveillance data, especially from underserved areas, to inform treatments and policies,” the report stated. “WHO calls on all countries to report high-quality data on AMR and antimicrobial use to GLASS by 2030.”

Source: Original article

A recent study from UC Irvine reveals how inulin fiber can reshape gut bacteria to metabolize harmful fructose, potentially protecting the liver from sugar damage.

A new study from the University of California, Irvine (UCI) has shed light on how dietary fiber, particularly inulin, plays a crucial role in protecting the body from the damaging effects of sugar. This research, conducted by the UCI School of Medicine, emphasizes the importance of gut health in metabolizing sugars effectively.

Inulin is a naturally occurring fiber found in various vegetables, including onions, garlic, and artichokes. According to lead researcher Cholsoon Jang, PhD, from UCI’s Nutrient Metabolism & Disease Lab, the study demonstrates that consuming inulin can significantly alter the composition of gut bacteria, enabling them to metabolize harmful fructose before it reaches the liver.

The findings, published in the journal Nature Metabolism, reveal a new dimension of fiber’s protective benefits, extending beyond digestion to how the body processes sugar at the molecular level. Jang noted, “We found that consuming a type of dietary fiber called inulin changes the bacteria in the gut to promote the consumption of harmful dietary fructose.”

Fructose, a common sugar found in fruits and many sweetened foods, can pose health risks when consumed in excess. The study found that when individuals consume fructose, the gut bacteria in the small intestine can metabolize it effectively, preventing it from overwhelming the liver. However, without sufficient fiber intake, excess fructose can “spill over,” leading to fat accumulation in the liver.

By introducing inulin into the diet, researchers discovered that gut bacteria could efficiently break down fructose early in the digestive process, thus averting potential metabolic damage. Remarkably, once these bacteria were “primed” by inulin, they were able to reverse signs of fatty liver disease, reducing fat accumulation and enhancing the liver’s natural antioxidant levels.

Jang emphasized the significance of these findings, stating that not all calories are created equal. The research provides valuable insights into how fiber can protect health from harmful nutrients like fructose. The study specifically focused on non-obese participants, highlighting that metabolic damage is not exclusive to those who are overweight. Even individuals who appear healthy may experience liver stress and insulin resistance if their gut microbes are not adequately equipped to handle excess fructose.

By identifying specific gut bacteria and metabolic pathways involved in this process, the researchers believe their findings could inform personalized nutrition strategies. Jang mentioned that future research will investigate whether other common fibers, beyond inulin, can elicit similar protective effects against sugar damage.

The implications of this research extend beyond academic interest. If certain fibers can effectively train gut microbes to neutralize sugar before it inflicts harm on the liver, this could pave the way for new treatments for conditions such as fatty liver disease, diabetes, obesity, and even cancer.

For now, the study underscores that dietary fiber not only aids in digestion but also serves as a defender of metabolic health. As Jang articulated, “For example, by checking how well someone’s gut bacteria clears fructose before the body absorbs it, we can choose the right prebiotic or probiotic supplement for that person to improve results and reduce side effects.”

This research highlights the critical role of dietary choices in maintaining metabolic health and suggests that increasing fiber intake could be a simple yet effective strategy for mitigating the adverse effects of high-sugar diets.

Source: Original article

Researchers have found a link between exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE), a common chemical, and an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease, according to a recent study.

A recent study published in the journal Neurology has revealed a connection between trichloroethylene (TCE), a widely used chemical in the United States, and an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. Researchers from the Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix, Arizona, analyzed data from over 222,000 individuals recently diagnosed with Parkinson’s, alongside more than 1.1 million people without the disease.

TCE is a chlorinated solvent commonly employed for degreasing metal parts and in industrial cleaning processes. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), TCE is regulated under the Toxic Substances Control Act due to its potential health risks, which include liver and kidney cancers, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and damage to the central nervous system, immune system, and reproductive organs. The chemical has also been linked to fetal heart defects.

Previous research has indicated that TCE can cross the blood-brain barrier when inhaled or ingested, potentially causing neuronal damage. In this latest study, the researchers specifically examined the relationship between ambient TCE exposure and Parkinson’s disease risk, particularly focusing on individuals living near facilities that emit TCE.

Dr. Brittany Krzyzanowski, Ph.D., an assistant professor of neurology at Barrow, stated, “We found a nationwide relationship between ambient TCE and Parkinson’s disease risk and some compelling patterns of high risk in individuals who live near certain facilities that emit TCE compared to those whose homes are farther away.”

The study identified the highest outdoor concentrations of TCE in the Rust Belt region of the U.S., as well as in several smaller areas across the country. Dr. Krzyzanowski expressed that while the association between TCE exposure and Parkinson’s disease risk is not new, this study is significant as it links ambient TCE levels in neighborhood air pollution to the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease on a national scale.

Despite these findings, the study’s observational nature means it does not definitively prove that TCE exposure causes Parkinson’s disease. Dr. Krzyzanowski noted that the research was limited to Medicare-aged individuals, which means the results may not apply to cases of early-onset Parkinson’s disease.

Dr. Aaron Ellenbogen, a neurologist and lead physician at the Parkinson’s Disease & Movement Disorders Center at the Michigan Institute for Neurological Disorders, acknowledged that the findings are consistent with previous research. He pointed out that the first documented case linking Parkinson’s disease to TCE exposure was published in 1969. Dr. Ellenbogen emphasized that TCE is used in various applications, including dry cleaning and industrial solvents.

While the exact mechanism by which TCE may contribute to Parkinson’s disease remains unclear, Dr. Ellenbogen suggested that it could involve a complex interplay between environmental exposure and genetic susceptibility. Dr. Guy Schwartz, co-director of the Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Center at Stony Brook Medicine, highlighted that TCE is prevalent in everyday materials such as cleaning wipes, glue, and ink, as well as in the manufacturing of soap, paper, and plastics.

Dr. Schwartz cautioned that exposure to TCE, even in small amounts over extended periods, could trigger the biochemical processes leading to the premature death of neurons, a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. He also noted that TCE is not the only risk factor to consider, suggesting that exposure to multiple neurotoxins may contribute to the onset of the disease.

Dr. Ellenbogen mentioned that avoiding TCE exposure can be challenging. He recommended using medical-grade air purifiers, filtering water, and avoiding plastic water bottles as potential measures to reduce risk. Dr. Krzyzanowski encouraged individuals to be aware of the previous studies linking TCE exposure to Parkinson’s disease and to investigate whether their communities are affected by TCE contamination. She suggested that community involvement in environmental advocacy and remediation efforts could be beneficial.

The study received support from the American Academy of Neurology and the Barrow Neurological Foundation. Fox News Digital reached out to several manufacturers of TCE for comment but did not receive a response.

Source: Original article

A recent study suggests that vitamin B3, taken in specific doses, may significantly reduce the risk of certain skin cancers in veterans over a long-term period.

A new study published in JAMA Dermatology indicates that vitamin B3, also known as nicotinamide, may play a crucial role in preventing skin cancer. The research highlights a notable decrease in the risk of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma among veterans who consumed this vitamin over a 25-year period.

The study analyzed health data from more than 33,000 veterans, utilizing records from the Veterans Affairs (VA) system spanning from 1999 to 2024. Participants who took nicotinamide at a dosage of 500 mg twice daily were compared with similar individuals who did not take the supplement. Matching criteria included age, sex, race, history of skin cancer, and exposure to other treatments.

Additionally, the researchers took into account whether participants had specific health conditions, such as a history of organ transplants or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Among the study group, 12,287 patients received oral vitamin B3 for more than 30 days, while 21,479 patients did not take the vitamin.

The findings revealed that those who consumed vitamin B3 experienced a lower incidence of skin cancers overall. Specifically, the risk of developing basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was reduced by approximately 14% in individuals who took the supplement.

The study also examined the recurrence rates of skin cancer. It was noted that patients who began taking nicotinamide immediately following their first skin cancer diagnosis had a remarkable 54% reduced risk of the disease returning. However, this benefit was less pronounced in individuals diagnosed with multiple skin cancers.

For patients with organ transplants, the overall risk did not show significant differences unless they started taking vitamin B3 early, which appeared to lower the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.

The researchers concluded that their results indicate a decreased risk of skin cancer among patients treated with nicotinamide, with the most substantial effects observed when treatment was initiated after the first skin cancer diagnosis.

In a recent podcast episode from JAMA Dermatology, co-researcher Dr. Lee Wheless of Vanderbilt University Medical Center discussed the implications of these findings. He expressed a shift in his perspective regarding the use of nicotinamide for skin cancer prevention.

Dr. Wheless noted that he would not recommend immediate nicotinamide use for someone newly diagnosed with skin cancer. However, he acknowledged the importance of early intervention. “If a patient has developed that field cancerization already, I really question — is this going to be as effective as if we had started before?” he stated.

He emphasized the need for proactive measures, stating, “I think this really pushes me to say we need to start now and not wait for you to have that sixth, seventh or more skin cancer before we start doing something preventive.”

The study’s findings may encourage healthcare providers to consider vitamin B3 as a preventive measure against skin cancer, particularly for high-risk populations such as veterans.

As research continues to explore the benefits of nicotinamide, it may pave the way for new guidelines in skin cancer prevention and treatment strategies.

Source: Original article

New research indicates that specially formulated eye drops may provide an effective alternative to reading glasses for individuals experiencing age-related vision loss.

As individuals age, many encounter presbyopia, a condition characterized by age-related farsightedness that complicates close-up tasks such as reading. Traditionally, reading glasses have been the go-to solution for this common issue. However, recent research suggests that a new option may soon be available.

Scientists have discovered that specially formulated eye drops could potentially restore near vision for a significant number of patients, offering a non-surgical and glasses-free approach to managing age-related vision loss. This study, which involved 766 participants primarily in their mid-50s, was presented on September 14 at the 43rd Congress of the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons held in Denmark.

Instead of relying on glasses, researchers administered eye drops containing pilocarpine, a medication that aids in adjusting the eye’s focus, combined with diclofenac, a mild anti-inflammatory intended to enhance patient comfort during treatment. Dr. Giovanna Benozzi, the director of the Center for Advanced Research for Presbyopia in Buenos Aires, Argentina, emphasized the importance of this research, citing a significant unmet medical need in managing presbyopia.

“Current solutions, such as reading glasses or surgical interventions, have limitations, including inconvenience, social discomfort, and potential risks or complications,” Dr. Benozzi stated in a press release.

Participants in the study were instructed to apply the eye drops twice daily—once in the morning and again approximately six hours later, with the option of a third dose if necessary. Their near vision was assessed using small-print eye charts over a two-year period.

Remarkably, within an hour of the initial dose, patients demonstrated a notable improvement in their ability to read lines on the near-vision chart. In the lowest concentration of the drops, nearly all participants could read at least two additional lines, while those using stronger formulations were able to read three or more lines. After one year of consistent use, over 80% of patients continued to experience improved near vision without the need for glasses, with many enjoying these benefits for well over a year.

Side effects reported were relatively minor. Approximately one-third of participants experienced brief dimming of vision, while a smaller group noted mild irritation or headaches. Importantly, none of the patients discontinued the use of the drops due to these temporary and manageable side effects.

Dr. Benozzi clarified that while this treatment is not intended to replace surgical options for those seeking a permanent solution, it does offer a non-invasive alternative that could alleviate the need for constant reliance on reading glasses. “This gives patients flexibility and could spare many from having to constantly reach for their reading glasses,” she added.

Despite the promising results, experts caution that further research is necessary before these eye drops can be widely adopted. The study was conducted at a single center, raising questions about the generalizability of the findings across diverse populations.

While pilocarpine has been utilized in various eye treatments for decades, concerns remain regarding the long-term daily use of the drops. Potential side effects, such as diminished night vision or, in rare instances, more serious retinal complications, warrant careful consideration. Additionally, extended use of diclofenac may pose risks to the ocular surface, an area that requires further investigation.

External researchers acknowledge the encouraging nature of the findings but emphasize the need for larger, multi-center clinical trials with extended follow-up periods to validate the results.

Source: Original article

A dangerous drug-resistant bacteria known as NDM-CRE is rapidly spreading across the U.S., posing significant treatment challenges and increasing the risk of severe illness and death.

A concerning rise in drug-resistant bacterial infections is currently being observed in the United States, with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issuing warnings about the escalating threat posed by NDM-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (NDM-CRE). This particular strain of bacteria is known for its resistance to most antibiotics, making it increasingly difficult for healthcare professionals to treat infections effectively.

The CDC’s laboratory tests indicate a dramatic increase in NDM-CRE infections, which are part of a larger group known as carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). These bacteria have shown a troubling ability to withstand some of the most potent antibiotics available today. The term “NDM” refers to an enzyme called New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase, which contributes to this resistance.

In 2020, NDM-CRE was responsible for approximately 12,700 infections and 1,100 deaths in the U.S. The current surge in cases could lead to even higher numbers, as the CDC reports that NDM-CRE infections have increased by more than 460% between 2019 and 2023. These infections can manifest in various forms, including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and wound infections. Due to their antibiotic resistance, NDM-CRE infections are notoriously difficult to treat and can sometimes be fatal.

One of the challenges in addressing NDM-CRE infections is their potential for misdiagnosis or oversight. The CDC notes that these infections have not been common in the U.S., which may lead healthcare providers to overlook them in their diagnoses. Danielle Rankin, an epidemiologist in the CDC’s Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, emphasized the seriousness of the situation. “This sharp rise in NDM-CRE means we face a growing threat that limits our ability to treat some of the most serious bacterial infections,” she stated in a press release. “Selecting the right treatment has never been more complicated, so it is vitally important that healthcare providers have access to testing to help them select the proper targeted therapies.”

Dr. Marc Siegel, a senior medical analyst for Fox News, described the trend as “very concerning,” highlighting the high risk of severe illness or death associated with these infections. He attributed part of the problem to the overuse of antibiotics, which contributes to the global trend of increasing antibiotic resistance. “It’s partly due to overuse of antibiotics, and part of a worldwide trend that breeds more and more resistance,” he explained.

Treatment options for carbapenem-resistant infections include novel antibiotics such as ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, plazomicin, and eravacycline. However, Dr. Siegel noted a significant issue: the lack of sufficient antibiotics available for treatment due to profitability concerns in the pharmaceutical industry.

Infectious disease expert David Perlin, Ph.D., who serves as the chief scientific officer and executive vice president at the Hackensack Meridian Center for Discovery and Innovation in New Jersey, expressed his concerns about the current state of drug resistance in America. Although he was not involved in the CDC’s study, he shared his insights with Fox News Digital. “This is one of the many drug resistance concerns right now for Americans — especially since we are seeing that surveillance is not keeping up with the evolution of the pathogens,” he remarked. “We can certainly do better, once we realize the stakes here.”

Perlin confirmed that NDM-CRE infections are serious and can be life-threatening. “They’re constantly adapting to their environment and can acquire a range of drug resistance mechanisms that make them difficult to treat,” he noted. He also pointed out that some strains carry special carbapenemase genes, which enable them to resist treatment with the most common class of antibiotics. This characteristic makes them particularly dangerous for patients with compromised immune systems.

To combat the threat posed by NDM-CRE, Perlin recommends that patients remain proactive in discussing any persistent infections with their healthcare providers. “Healthcare providers can, and must, do better to provide testing closer to the point of care, especially in emergency departments, so these infections can be identified rapidly for effective treatment and infection control,” he advised. He cautioned that these infections can spread easily in hospital, nursing home, and community settings.

Dr. Siegel echoed the importance of early diagnosis and sanitation in healthcare settings, particularly for immunocompromised patients, where the risk of rapid spread is heightened. “The key is sanitizing settings and early diagnosis,” he stated.

The alarming rise in NDM-CRE infections underscores the urgent need for improved surveillance, testing, and treatment options to combat this growing public health threat.

Source: Original article

The cancer medication leucovorin shows promise as a therapy for autism spectrum disorder, potentially enhancing communication skills in children, according to federal health officials.

Federal health officials recently highlighted the potential of leucovorin, a cancer medication, to serve as a therapy for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). During a press conference on autism-related topics, FDA Commissioner Marty Makary, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Jay Bhattacharya, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Administrator Mehmet Oz discussed research indicating that leucovorin may improve communication skills in some children with autism.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is preparing to approve leucovorin as a treatment for speech-related deficits associated with ASD. This approval will involve updating the drug’s label to include treatment for cerebral folate deficiency, a condition linked to autism. Following this label update, state Medicaid programs will be able to cover leucovorin for autism treatment, as stated in a press release from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

The NIH is also set to initiate new research initiatives aimed at examining the safety and effectiveness of leucovorin for children with autism. Preliminary studies suggest that the drug could help some non-verbal children develop the ability to speak.

Leucovorin, a prescription vitamin, is primarily used to treat cancer and anemia. It functions similarly to folic acid, aiding in the restoration of folate levels in patients who struggle to absorb or utilize it effectively. Katy Dubinsky, a New York pharmacist and CEO of Vitalize, a private supplement company, explained that leucovorin is FDA-approved to mitigate the toxic effects of high-dose methotrexate in cancer treatment and to prevent or treat certain types of anemia caused by folate deficiency.

While leucovorin is not currently prescribed for autism, some families have reported significant improvements in their children’s communication skills through its off-label use. Dr. Richard E. Frye, a behavioral child neurologist in Arizona, has conducted research on the drug as part of his exploration of experimental treatments for children with ASD. He noted that leucovorin is a special form of vitamin B9 that is water-soluble and does not accumulate in the body.

Dr. Frye emphasized that folates have been deemed safe for long-term use, which is why they are supplemented in food. He pointed out that the primary benefit of leucovorin for children with autism is its potential to enhance language skills, although it may also improve social functioning, reduce repetitive behaviors, and strengthen attention skills. “We do find that leucovorin helps a substantial number of children with autism,” he said, adding that language improvement is the most measurable outcome in clinical trials.

Dr. Marc Siegel, a clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health and Fox News’ senior medical analyst, also discussed the drug’s positive effects. He explained that central folate deficiency, characterized by a lack of folate in the brain, can disrupt neurological function. Research has shown that a significant percentage of children with ASD have antibodies against folic receptor alpha in the brain. Leucovorin is converted to folate in the brain through a different pathway, which may explain its beneficial effects.

Although small studies have indicated that leucovorin can improve neurological function and communication skills in children with ASD, experts agree that larger studies are necessary to confirm these findings. The long history of leucovorin’s use in cancer treatment helps mitigate associated risks, according to Dr. Frye. “One of the advantages of using leucovorin is that it’s been used for decades to protect the body from the effects of chemotherapy, so we know what dose to use and any side effects it may produce,” he stated.

However, Dr. Frye cautioned that some children may experience hyperactivity or may not respond to leucovorin, necessitating alternative treatments. He stressed the importance of consulting with a medical professional when considering leucovorin for autism treatment. “Leucovorin is given at much higher doses than regular vitamins, so it’s very important to work with a doctor knowledgeable in how to prescribe it,” he advised.

While leucovorin is available at pharmacies, Dr. Frye noted that some children may require a compounded form due to sensitivities to certain additives in commercial products. He expressed hope that the FDA will approve leucovorin for autism, allowing it to be widely prescribed as one of the first treatments following diagnosis.

Dubinsky concurred, stating that physicians may prescribe the “widely used and well-tolerated drug” for autism treatment based on clinical judgment and emerging evidence. She emphasized that FDA approval would lend stronger medical backing, transforming leucovorin from an off-label option into a recognized treatment. This could lead to insurance coverage, standardized dosing guidelines, and greater acceptance within the medical community.

Dr. Siegel added that leucovorin is a “safe drug” and should be considered for broader use based on recent research findings. However, Dr. Frye cautioned that there is “no magic bullet” for autism, noting that many children benefit from a combination of treatments. “It is unlikely that leucovorin will be used alone — it must be used with behavioral and speech therapy,” he said, adding that leucovorin could enhance outcomes for these therapies.

Dr. Andy Shih, chief science officer of Autism Speaks, highlighted the individuality of each child’s experience with autism. He noted that while some small studies have explored leucovorin as a potential treatment, larger controlled clinical trials are essential to determine its efficacy and safety. He urged families to consult with their doctors before considering off-label treatments.

Dubinsky concluded that if larger studies confirm leucovorin’s effectiveness, it could become a more accessible treatment option for children with autism who may benefit from it.

Source: Original article

New research indicates that being underweight may pose a greater mortality risk than being overweight, challenging traditional views on body mass index (BMI) and health.

A significant new study from Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark has revealed that individuals who are underweight face a higher risk of death compared to those who are overweight or moderately obese. The research, which followed over 85,000 adults, suggests that the long-held assumptions surrounding body mass index (BMI) and health may need reevaluation.

According to the findings, people categorized as underweight were nearly three times more likely to die during the study period than those at the upper end of the normal BMI range. Even participants within the “healthy” BMI range but on the lower end exhibited an increased risk of early mortality.

In contrast, those who were overweight or moderately obese did not show higher death rates when compared to individuals with BMIs in the upper-normal range. This challenges the traditional view that excess weight is inherently dangerous, suggesting that being “fat but fit” may be a more accurate reflection of health than previously thought.

The researchers presented their findings at the annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) held in Vienna last week. The study highlights the importance of body fat distribution and underlying health conditions in determining overall health outcomes.

Dr. Sigrid Bjerge Gribsholt, the lead researcher, emphasized that both underweight and obesity represent significant global health challenges. Obesity is known to disrupt metabolic processes, weaken the immune system, and increase the risk of various diseases, including Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and several types of cancer. Conversely, being underweight is often associated with malnutrition, weakened immunity, and nutrient deficiencies.

Jens Meldgaard Bruun, another researcher involved in the study, pointed out that visceral fat—fat stored deep within the abdomen—can have detrimental effects on metabolic health. He explained that individuals with the same BMI can have vastly different health outcomes based on where their body fat is distributed. For instance, someone with a BMI of 35 who carries excess fat around their abdomen may be at risk for conditions like Type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure, while another person with the same BMI but with fat distributed around their hips and thighs may be healthier.

Bruun noted that treatment for obesity should be personalized, taking into account these factors and other health conditions when determining target weight. This approach could lead to more effective management of obesity and its associated health risks.

Dr. Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, an epidemiologist at North Dakota State University who was not involved in the research, commented on the implications of the findings. He stated that they support other recent studies while challenging existing medical guidelines that assume health risks increase steadily with BMI. Bhagavathula explained that higher death rates in individuals with lower BMIs may stem from underlying illnesses that cause weight loss, making low weight appear more dangerous than it truly is.

He added that obesity often precedes serious health issues, according to the World Health Organization. In older adults, age-related muscle loss can increase vulnerability to falls and infections, while mild excess weight may provide a protective effect by serving as an energy reserve during illness. The healthy and active lifestyle in Denmark, characterized by widespread cycling, may also contribute to this protective effect.

Bhagavathula emphasized the need to consider BMI alongside other health measures, such as waist-to-height ratios, muscle mass, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels, as well as factors like sex and ethnicity. He argued that current health messaging often places excessive focus on weight loss, leading to shame and unnecessary medical interventions for individuals who are overweight but maintain normal bodily functions.

In light of these findings, Bhagavathula advocates for a shift in health messaging towards a nutrition-focused approach that emphasizes how the body processes food, alongside promoting physical activity and balanced eating, rather than relying solely on BMI as an indicator of health.

This research underscores the complexity of the relationship between body weight, health, and mortality, suggesting that a more nuanced understanding is necessary for effective public health strategies.

Source: Original article

Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing hepatitis B, a serious liver infection that can lead to acute or chronic complications.

Medical experts emphasize that vaccination is the best prevention method for hepatitis B, a liver infection that can manifest in both acute and chronic forms. This viral infection has no cure and may result in a range of serious complications.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and his advisory group are scheduled to meet this week to discuss and vote on various vaccine recommendations, including those for hepatitis B, COVID-19, and measles, mumps, and rubella.

Hepatitis B is recognized as a significant viral infection that causes inflammation in the liver and is the most prevalent liver infection globally, according to the Cleveland Clinic. The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 254 million people worldwide are currently living with this infection.

The infection can present as acute hepatitis B, which is typically brief, or as chronic hepatitis B, which can lead to severe complications such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver failure. The virus is transmitted through exposure to infected bodily fluids, including blood, saliva, and other secretions. Common routes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, and the use of contaminated medical instruments. Additionally, a pregnant woman can pass the virus to her newborn during childbirth, as noted by the Mayo Clinic.

While anyone can contract hepatitis B, certain individuals are at a higher risk. This includes those with sexually transmitted infections, individuals undergoing immunosuppressive treatments (such as chemotherapy), patients receiving dialysis, and those with other liver diseases.

Although the viral infection does not always present symptoms, some common signs include abdominal pain, fatigue, fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and weakness. Other symptoms indicative of liver disease may include dark-colored urine, light or clay-colored stool, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and swelling due to fluid accumulation in the abdomen, arms, and legs.

A person remains contagious as long as the virus is active in their body. Acute hepatitis B can last for up to six months, while individuals with active chronic hepatitis B can remain contagious indefinitely. In contrast, those with inactive chronic hepatitis B have a lower risk of transmission.

Both acute and chronic forms of hepatitis B can lead to various complications, including acute and chronic liver failure, cirrhosis, hepatitis D, and liver cancer, according to health experts.

Diagnosis of hepatitis B typically involves blood tests, imaging tests such as elastography of the liver tissue, or a liver biopsy. Blood tests can determine whether the virus is active or inactive.

While there is no cure for hepatitis B, certain antiviral medications can help make the virus inactive. In chronic cases, these medications must be taken indefinitely. If the infection progresses to cancer, surgical options may include removing part of the liver or, in severe cases, a liver transplant.

Vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends hepatitis B vaccination for all infants, children under 19, adults aged 19 to 59, and individuals over 60 who have risk factors. Various hepatitis B vaccines are available, each requiring different dosing schedules.

The Cleveland Clinic advises individuals with hepatitis B to avoid alcohol, maintain a healthy diet, protect themselves from other liver infections, and seek support as needed. They note, “If tests show you have hepatitis B, you may wonder how the disease will change your life. You may worry about spreading the virus to others. The good news is there are medications that keep chronic hepatitis B from spreading. And there are steps you can take to protect your overall health and protect others.”

Source: Original article

Adults who consume cannabis are nearly four times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than non-users, according to a new study analyzing medical records across the U.S. and Europe.

A recent study reveals that adults who use cannabis are at a significantly higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those who do not partake in the substance. Researchers, led by Dr. Ibrahim Kamel from the Boston Medical Center in Massachusetts, conducted an extensive analysis of medical records from 54 healthcare organizations across the United States and Europe using the TriNetX Research Network.

The study examined approximately 96,800 individuals with cannabis-related diagnoses, ranging from casual users to those with dependency issues. This group was compared to more than 4.16 million individuals who had no recorded history of drug use or chronic illness.

Over a five-year period, the findings indicated that 2.2% of cannabis users developed type 2 diabetes, in stark contrast to just 0.6% of non-users. Even after adjusting for various health risks, including high blood pressure, cholesterol levels, heart disease, and the use of other substances like alcohol or cocaine, marijuana users still exhibited a heightened risk of diabetes.

Experts suggest that the increased risk may be linked to the effects of marijuana on appetite, metabolism, and insulin resistance. Cannabis use is frequently associated with poor dietary habits, which could contribute to elevated blood sugar levels over time.

As marijuana becomes increasingly legalized and socially accepted, it is often viewed as a safer alternative to alcohol or tobacco. However, the research highlights that the long-term health risks associated with cannabis use may be more severe than many people realize.

“As cannabis becomes more widely available and socially accepted and legalized in various jurisdictions, it is essential to understand its potential health risks,” Kamel stated in a press release.

While the study provides valuable insights, the researchers acknowledged certain limitations. The retrospective design of the study means it examined existing patient records rather than tracking new cases over time, making it challenging to establish a direct causal relationship between marijuana use and diabetes.

Moreover, the risk levels may vary significantly between occasional users and those who consume cannabis daily. The researchers also noted the potential for bias, as the study relied on self-reported cannabis use, which could be inaccurate, especially in regions where marijuana use is illegal. Additionally, the study did not quantify the amount of cannabis used by participants.

Given these findings, physicians may need to engage in discussions with patients about their cannabis use to better assess their overall diabetes risk and determine whether metabolic monitoring is necessary. Kamel emphasized the importance of integrating diabetes risk awareness into treatment and counseling for substance-use disorders.

“These new insights from reliable, real-world evidence highlight the importance of integrating diabetes risk awareness into substance-use disorder treatment and counseling,” he added.

Fox News Digital reached out to various cannabis industry organizations for comment regarding the study’s findings.

Source: Original article

Scientists have developed a non-invasive MRI technique that measures brain iron levels, potentially identifying individuals at higher risk for Alzheimer’s disease years before symptoms manifest.

Researchers at Johns Hopkins University have unveiled a novel MRI technique that may serve as an early warning system for Alzheimer’s disease by measuring iron levels in the brain. This non-invasive method, known as quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), could help identify patients at a heightened risk of developing the disease long before any cognitive symptoms appear.

High levels of iron in the brain have been linked to increased brain toxins and neurodegeneration, which can lead to cognitive decline. This is particularly concerning when iron interacts with the abnormal amyloid and tau proteins, which are characteristic of Alzheimer’s pathology. The findings suggest that monitoring brain iron levels could provide crucial insights into an individual’s risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a common precursor to Alzheimer’s dementia.

“QSM is an advanced MRI technique developed over the last decade to measure tissue magnetic susceptibility with good precision,” said Xu Li, the study’s senior author and an associate professor of radiology at Johns Hopkins University. “QSM can detect small differences in iron levels across different brain regions, providing a reliable and non-invasive way to map and quantify iron in patients, which is not possible with conventional MR approaches.”

In comparison to traditional imaging methods for Alzheimer’s diagnosis, such as PET scans, QSM MRI is not only non-invasive but also more affordable. This affordability could enhance accessibility for patients and healthcare providers alike, potentially allowing for earlier interventions.

The study, published in the journal *Radiology*, involved 158 cognitively unimpaired participants from a previous research project. After a follow-up period of seven and a half years, the researchers found that elevated iron levels in two critical brain regions were associated with a significantly higher risk of MCI. These regions, the entorhinal cortex and putamen, are closely linked to memory and learning.

“The key takeaway of our study is that higher brain iron levels, especially in some critical brain regions related to memory and learning, are linked to a two to four times higher risk of developing MCI and faster cognitive decline,” Li explained. “Such brain iron changes may be measured years before memory loss, when the participants are still cognitively normal.”

Li emphasized the importance of these findings, noting that the risk of cognitive impairment is even greater in individuals with elevated levels of amyloid pathologies. However, he acknowledged some limitations in the study, particularly the demographic composition of the participant group, which primarily consisted of White, highly educated individuals with a strong family history of Alzheimer’s disease.

If future studies with larger and more diverse populations confirm these results, it could pave the way for broader applications of QSM in clinical settings, particularly for patients at increased risk of dementia. “I think we should be hopeful,” Li said. “We can use this kind of tool to help identify patients at higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and potentially guide early interventions as new treatments become available.”

Li also mentioned that while brain iron is associated with neurodegeneration, it plays an essential role in cognitive health and neurodevelopment, especially in younger individuals. Although iron chelation therapies aimed at reducing iron levels in the brain are currently being explored for Alzheimer’s treatment, their efficacy remains unclear, necessitating further research.

The researchers aim to enhance the standardization, speed, and accessibility of QSM technology in clinical practice, which could ultimately benefit many individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease.

Source: Original article