Decades after a covert Cold War operation, a nuclear-powered surveillance device remains lost on India’s Nanda Devi, highlighting the complexities of U.S.-India relations during a tense period in history.
At the height of the Cold War in 1965, as China advanced its nuclear weapons program, a remarkable covert operation unfolded in the Indian Himalayas. The United States and India collaborated on a secret mission to monitor Chinese missile tests by placing a nuclear-powered surveillance device atop Nanda Devi, one of India’s most revered peaks, according to The New York Times.
The operation was ambitious. American and Indian climbers were tasked with transporting an antenna, cables, and a compact nuclear generator known as the SNAP 19C to an extreme altitude. This generator contained plutonium, nearly one-third of the amount used in the Nagasaki bomb. While the expedition was officially framed as scientific research, it was, in reality, a Cold War intelligence gamble played out on treacherous terrain.
As the climbers prepared for their final ascent, disaster struck. A sudden blizzard engulfed the mountain, forcing the climbers into a desperate fight for survival. From the advanced base camp below, Captain M.S. Kohli, the Indian officer leading the mission, urged the team over the radio to turn back, emphasizing the urgency of their situation. With no other option, the climbers abandoned the equipment on an icy ledge near Camp Four and retreated downhill.
The nuclear device was never recovered.
The United States never publicly acknowledged the operation. On paper, it was as if nothing had happened. Yet the origins of the mission were surprisingly casual. The idea emerged during a Washington cocktail party where General Curtis LeMay, then head of the U.S. Air Force, conversed with Barry Bishop, a National Geographic photographer and experienced Everest climber. Bishop described how Himalayan peaks provided clear vantage points into Tibet and China. Shortly thereafter, the CIA enlisted him to organize a covert expedition disguised as mountaineering science.
India’s involvement was influenced by lingering fears following its 1962 war with China, although Kohli himself was skeptical from the outset. He dismissed early proposals to place the device on Kanchenjunga as reckless, a sentiment echoed by American climbers involved in the planning. Ultimately, Nanda Devi was selected as a compromise between accessibility and feasibility.
The climb proved to be grueling. Climbers were flown by helicopter to high altitudes with little time for acclimatization. Many fell ill, and few understood the risks associated with the radioactive generator, which emitted warmth that made it oddly appealing to carry. The dangers of the device only became apparent years later.
When the team returned in 1966 to retrieve the device, it had disappeared. An avalanche had swept away the ledge along with the equipment, ice, and rock. Subsequent searches employing radiation detectors and infrared sensors yielded no results.
In the aftermath, both governments acted swiftly to manage the situation. Then-President Jimmy Carter and former Prime Minister Morarji Desai communicated privately to mitigate the issue, with Carter later commending Desai for his handling of what he termed the “Himalayan device problem.” Publicly, both nations maintained silence on the matter.
Today, most of the individuals involved in the operation are elderly or have passed away. The missing nuclear device remains buried somewhere in the high Himalayas, its fate still unknown. Before his death, Kohli reflected on the mission with a sense of quiet remorse, describing it as a sad chapter in his life.
According to The New York Times, the story of the lost nuclear device serves as a reminder of the complex and often secretive nature of international relations during one of the most tense periods in modern history.