Stanford researchers have identified two proteins linked to rare heart inflammation following COVID-19 vaccination, providing insights that may help prevent myocarditis, particularly in young males.
Researchers at Stanford University have made significant strides in understanding the rare occurrence of myocarditis, a form of heart inflammation associated with COVID-19 vaccination, particularly among young males. Their findings reveal the role of two specific proteins in triggering this condition.
Myocarditis is a rare side effect of the COVID-19 vaccine, affecting approximately one in 140,000 individuals after the first dose and one in 32,000 after the second dose. The risk is notably higher among males aged 30 and younger, where the incidence rises to one in 16,750. Symptoms of myocarditis can manifest as chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, and palpitations, typically occurring one to three days post-vaccination. Elevated levels of cardiac troponin, a marker indicating heart muscle damage, are also associated with the condition.
According to Dr. Joseph Wu, the director of the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and a professor of medicine and radiology, most individuals who experience myocarditis recover quickly and regain full heart function. “It’s not a heart attack in the traditional sense,” Wu explained. “There’s no blockage of blood vessels as found in most common heart attacks. When symptoms are mild and the inflammation hasn’t caused structural damage to the heart, we just observe these patients to ensure they recover.” However, he noted that severe cases can lead to hospitalization, critical illness, or even death.
The recent study, conducted in collaboration with The Ohio State University, sought to uncover the underlying mechanisms of myocarditis following vaccination. Researchers analyzed blood samples from vaccinated individuals, comparing those with myocarditis to those without. They discovered that individuals with myocarditis had elevated levels of two proteins—CXCL10 and IFN-gamma—released by immune cells, which contribute to increased inflammation.
“We think these two are the major drivers of myocarditis,” Wu stated. “Your body needs these cytokines to ward off viruses. It’s essential to immune response, but can become toxic in large amounts.” In laboratory models using mice and heart tissue, high concentrations of these proteins resulted in signs of heart irritation similar to mild myocarditis.
One notable finding from the study was the potential to reduce heart damage by specifically blocking these two cytokines without compromising the overall immune response to the vaccine. “This points to a possible future way to prevent or treat myocarditis in people who are at the highest risk, while keeping the benefits of vaccination,” Wu added.
The research team also identified genistein, a natural compound found in soybeans, which demonstrated the ability to reduce inflammation in laboratory tests. However, this compound has yet to be tested in human subjects.
The study’s findings were published in the journal Science Translational Medicine. Dr. Marc Siegel, a senior medical analyst at Fox News, commented on the complexity of the study, emphasizing that myocarditis is rare and the immune mechanisms involved are understandable.
Wu highlighted that myocarditis is significantly more common and severe in individuals infected with COVID-19 compared to those receiving mRNA-based vaccines, with the risk of myocarditis from COVID infection being approximately ten times greater.
The researchers underscored that COVID-19 vaccines have undergone extensive safety scrutiny and have demonstrated an excellent safety record. “mRNA vaccines remain a crucial tool against COVID-19, and this research helps explain a rare side effect and suggests ways to make future vaccines even safer, rather than a reason to avoid vaccination,” Wu stated. He reiterated that the overall benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the small risk of myocarditis for nearly all groups.
Despite the promising findings, Wu acknowledged limitations in the study, noting that most data were derived from experimental systems involving mice and human cells, which do not fully capture the complexities of myocarditis in real patients. “These findings do not change what people should do right now, because our work is still at the preclinical stage,” he cautioned. “Clinical studies will be needed to confirm whether targeted treatments are safe and effective.”
Wu also pointed out that myocarditis can occur with other vaccines, although symptoms tend to be more diffuse. He remarked on the heightened public awareness surrounding mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, stating, “If you get chest pains from a COVID vaccine, you go to the hospital to get checked out, and if the serum troponin is positive, then you get diagnosed with myocarditis. If you get achy muscles or joints from a flu vaccine, you just blow it off.”
The study received funding from the National Institutes of Health and the Gootter-Jensen Foundation, contributing to the ongoing research into vaccine safety and efficacy.
As the scientific community continues to explore the implications of these findings, the focus remains on ensuring the safety of vaccines while maximizing their protective benefits against COVID-19, particularly for vulnerable populations.
According to Fox News, these insights may pave the way for future advancements in vaccine development and myocarditis prevention.